Animal Kinhood Wild animals Vulnerable
12 min read 9 chapters Live · Liwonde
Front-facing portrait of Limbani, a young male hippopotamus with a broad muzzle and small eyes with pink lids, his round ears out to the sides of his head. He wears a purple bucket hat with a raw canvas crown and a worn brim, a purple hooded sweatshirt with a zip, a white button-down collared shirt underneath and a heavy gold-link chain. Plain celadon green background. AK · 34 S 15°04′ E 35°14′ Limbani Liwonde, MW PHOTO ©YP · 2026
Animal Kinhood · Wild animals No. 34 / 34 Episode · Limbani
Hippopotamus amphibius

Limbani.

Hippopotamus

Don't come looking for me at two in the afternoon, I'll be in the water.
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Biography · Block 01 of 03 Hippopotamus
Chapters · I–II–III

Where the Good Clay Is.

I
CH · 01 / 09

He Walks Past It Every Night

When the sun stops beating down he comes out of the channel, dries off as he walks and picks up the basket. From the shed to the foot of the clay bank a dirt path drops in two stretches, and halfway down, up on the right, is the stake.

He drove that stake in himself. Back then it marked where the edge of the bank ran, and it served to remind him how far in he could dig. Now the edge has reached it. There is a metre and a half of ground left in front of it, and then the air, and then the river.

He goes past it every night with the basket on his shoulder and the stake is still where he put it. When somebody points it out to him, he answers that he'll move it. He says it without looking up and carries on down. He has been saying it for three floods.

Down at the very foot of the bank the clay comes out grey and sticky and cuts under the hoe like old cheese. He throws it into the pit, takes off his shoes and treads it. He knows whether it has sand in it before it reaches mid-calf: if it grinds, he shoves that lot aside with his foot and goes for more; if it opens up when he lifts his foot, it is ready.

He fills the mould, tips it onto the drying line, gives the edge a sharp knock to release it and moves on to the next. Two hundred, three hundred, whatever comes out. He stops when the light comes up.

II
CH · 02 / 09

Upriver It Comes Out Sandy

The good clay on this stretch is right there, on the lip that is falling away. The two facts are one and the same fact, and along the bank that is known and left unsaid: nobody holds the lip of the bank because it is crumbling, and that is why it is the only place a man without a stretch can dig. A stretch is held by one man and the rest work it by his leave. Limbani works the edge.

His father does hold one. The stretch three bends upriver, where the clay lies higher and comes out sandy. Among his people a father is not called a father: you say which stretch he holds. They pass each other in the water every few weeks, each at his own reach, and carry on. Limbani has never bought clay from him. What comes off up there is brick that cracks in the kiln, and cracked brick doesn't get paid for.

Every year the bank pulls back a little further. They dam upriver, they draw water off to irrigate, they plant right up to the water's edge, and then the bank loses its roots and the flood takes it away in pieces. On the stretch it goes by another name. They say it came in hard this year.

His bend is doing well and getting better. Past the last buoy, a few meanders down, it changes: down there it is less every year and there is trouble with the plots along the bank. Limbani knows the difference and keeps it to himself. He says it's ugly downriver.

At four in the morning a boat with a light on it goes down the middle of the river, slowly. It is after the tusks, which get sold a long way from here. Nobody on the stretch is surprised to see it. Limbani watches it go past from the drying line, mould in hand, and carries on.

III
CH · 03 / 09

A Sunday with the Mallet

At sixteen he measured out with a cane where the edge had been the year before and it came to four paces. He kept the cane for a while and then burned it in the kiln like any other bit of firewood.

Beside the path that climbs to the rise there is a heap of black, warped bricks, the ones from the middle of the kiln, that ring like glass when they knock together. He sets them aside there. Whoever carries them up, carries them up.

At twenty-three he drove in the stake. On a Sunday, with the mallet for breaking clods, right at the top, where back then there was ground to spare in front of it. That afternoon he didn't work.

Voiceline · the character’s canonical quote Limbani · Hippopotamus
Hover to pause
Don't come looking for me at two in the afternoon, I'll be in the water. AK · 34 · Limbani · Liwonde 2025 Don't come looking for me at two in the afternoon, I'll be in the water. Voiceline · Hippopotamus amphibius Don't come looking for me at two in the afternoon, I'll be in the water. AK · 34 · Limbani · Liwonde 2025 Don't come looking for me at two in the afternoon, I'll be in the water. AK · 34 · Limbani · Liwonde 2025 Don't come looking for me at two in the afternoon, I'll be in the water. Voiceline · Hippopotamus amphibius Don't come looking for me at two in the afternoon, I'll be in the water. AK · 34 · Limbani · Liwonde 2025
§ 04 · Objects Open editions · everyday
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Biography · Block 02 of 03 Roots
Chapters · IV–V–VI

You Can Hear Him from the Far Bank.

IV
CH · 04 / 09

Eleven to Four, Answering with His Head

Between eleven and four he is in the channel, with the water at neck height and his head level with the surface. He walks in and stays with his feet on the bottom; if he has to cross the deep pool he crosses it underneath, in bounds, until the ground comes back under him. The whole stretch walks past and the whole stretch puts him down as lazy. He lets it lie.

At those hours he answers with his head. Nobody on the stretch takes it badly: messages are given to him at night, or they are given to Tadala, who is twelve and repeats them whole. Before he says anything at all he runs his thumb along the edge of his hand to get the dried mud off. He does it whether there is mud on it or whether it is clean, and he does it as well when he has just come out of the water. It buys him the second he needs.

At night he talks, and he gets heard. If somebody mentions that from the far bank he comes through just as clearly, he answers that it's the bend, that it sends it back. He says it the way you would explain why it rains in January. If they press him, he'll say the river is low, or that at night the road is quiet and sound travels better. He has never crossed over to check. It has never occurred to him either that there is anything to check.

V
CH · 05 / 09

Three Who Came from Downriver

When the kiln has been fired and is still hot, the flat ground in front of it fills up. Somebody slaps a drum with an open palm and gets a rhythm out of it, and Limbani raps over it. He begins with his back to the river and ends facing it. By then there are people standing up on the road, who have come down to see what was going on.

At twenty-one, three men from further downriver planted themselves in front of him. They asked if he was the one with the voice. They had heard him described and they knew him the moment he opened his mouth to say yes. They stayed for the whole set, until he ran out, and then they walked home in the dark.

He doesn't charge. He has been offered money to perform somewhere and he said no and that was the end of it. He doesn't call himself a singer either, or a rapper, and if somebody calls him that in front of other people he gets uncomfortable and changes the subject with his chin. He says he just talks loud.

VI
CH · 06 / 09

Chisomo Paid the Fare

His sister fries mandasi at the minibus stop, from before dawn until midday. One night she paid the ferry fare, crossed on her own and was back before he had finished his set.

She told him one thing and that was that: that he could be heard.

He came back with the business about the bend. She started stacking her trays and didn't push it. Since that night she has stayed on this bank and the subject has not come up between them again.

That night, before loading the row into the kiln, Limbani stood looking across. There is not much to see from here: a line of reeds, the odd loose light, the water in between. He stayed like that for a good while and went back to the mould.

Tadala knows what he says out on the flat ground, only with words that are not the same ones. She goes round the yard singing them while she counts the drying line. He hears her from the pit and carries on treading.

Biography · Block 03 of 03 Craft
Chapters · VII–VIII–IX

What He Doesn't Lend.

VII
CH · 07 / 09

The Batteries Ran Out

At the minibus stop, in among the stalls, there are people selling flash drives. Two thousand kwacha each, with two hundred songs on them, copied off a computer nobody has ever seen. He bought his as a boy and it is the only one he has ever had. Almost everything on it comes from Blantyre and almost all of it is in Chichewa.

He got his Chichewa from school and from the radio, and in Machinga it is not the language of every house. On the flat ground people understand him all the same. He raps in Chichewa because that is what you rap in, and if anyone asked him why he wouldn't know what to answer.

The first time he started up it was to patch something over. Somebody had carried a radio out onto the flat ground and halfway through the night its batteries ran out. It left a gap. Limbani carried on by himself, rapping with no music, until he ran out. Nobody told him to stop and nobody said anything to him when he finished. He was fourteen and that is how he tells it, as though he had plugged a leak in a roof.

He changes the verses from one night to the next and he has them written down nowhere. He has been told more than once that this is done in the city, in Zomba or in Blantyre, with university people in front of him and others waiting their turn to answer him back. He says yes with his head. He has not gone down.

Between one set and the next he eats standing up, leaning on the cut-down drum he keeps inside the shed. He eats a frightening amount, always the same thing and always at night. On the stretch they put it down to how hard he works.

His mother washes other people's clothes in the channel, thirty metres from where he sleeps, and spreads them on the grass along the bank. They see each other every day of the year. Sitting down to talk, as far as either of them remembers, never. She leaves his plate covered on the ground in the yard, against the wall, before she goes to bed; he comes in before dawn, eats in the dark and leaves it in the same spot, turned upside down. They have been doing that for years. The only thing she says to him about the voice is to keep it down, that there are people sleeping.

VIII
CH · 08 / 09

The Four Faces of the Stack

The buyer comes up the road with the pickup right on midday, which is the worst hour. Limbani hears him coming a good while before anything is in sight, from the water, with his back turned and his ears level with the surface. He comes out streaming, counts the faces of the stack with him, gets paid and is back in before the engine starts. His shoulders and the back of his neck shine orange from the hours in the sun over the clay. He says it's the dust off the mud, and on the stretch that gets accepted, because it happens to everyone.

A stack is counted from the outside. Four faces of whole brick, properly lined up, and the price comes off that. The cracked ones go in the middle, where nobody looks.

Once he got a man who, instead of counting faces, took the stack apart down the middle. He found the cracked ones, paid him half the thousand and carted the lot off anyway. Limbani didn't argue. On the next stack he did exactly the same thing.

What actually keeps him awake is having a whole batch come down on him and having to start from nothing with a cold kiln. He doesn't say that in those words either. He says it by counting the bricks he has already laid out on the drying line one more time, last thing, when he has already counted them.

IX
CH · 09 / 09

A Finger Longer

He made the mould himself with a borrowed handsaw and a board off a tomato crate. It came out a finger longer than the usual ones and that is how it stayed. His bricks can be spotted at a glance: in Liwonde there are walls where you can see from the street which course is his.

For every thousand bricks he wastes more mud than anyone else on the stretch. He has others hanging on a nail, brand new, and he goes on using the same one. If somebody suggests he cut it down, the conversation is over. He doesn't lend it either.

The shed is a frame of poles and sheet metal up against the kiln. Inside there is a mat, a board doing the work of a shelf, and the drum. For a door stop he uses the first brick he ever laid, as a boy, with one corner eaten away; whoever trips over it knocks it out of the way, and then somebody puts it back.

He leaves the chain coiled inside the hat, on top of the board, before he gets into the water. Nobody has ever touched it. This year the sweatshirt does up halfway and stops there, and it is the same sweatshirt as last year; he said so once, with the zip half up, in a what-a-nuisance sort of voice, and since then he leaves it like that.

As the afternoon comes down he comes out of the channel, dries off as he walks and goes up to the shed. He puts the mould under his arm, walks past the stake and goes down for the first basket.

§ 07 · Species file Hippopotamus amphibius

About the hippopotamus.

Classification
  1. Animalia
  2. Chordata
  3. MammaliaMammals
  4. Artiodactyla
  5. Hippopotamidae
Hippopotamus amphibius
Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the wild
The real animal · Hippopotamus amphibius Foto: Jonathan Göhner (@jochieng1) / Unsplash (Unsplash License)
Habitat
Rivers, lakes and freshwater marshes across sub-Saharan Africa, always with enough depth to submerge completely and with grazing close to the bank. In Malawi its main strongholds are the river Shire where it runs through Liwonde National Park, where more than two thousand individuals are concentrated, and the shallow shores of Lake Malawi.
Diet
A strictly terrestrial herbivore despite living in the water. It grazes 35 to 40 kg of grass every night with broad lips, up to 50 cm across, that tear the vegetation off at ground level, and it walks up to ten kilometres inland to do it. It does not feed on aquatic plants or on fish.
Lifespan
Between forty and fifty years in the wild. In captivity, cases of up to sixty-one years have been documented.
Weight
Adult males weigh between 1,500 and 3,200 kg and females between 1,300 and 2,000 kg. Males keep growing their whole lives, so the difference in size widens with age. It is the third heaviest land mammal, after the elephant and the white rhinoceros.
Adaptation
The bare skin secretes a fluid that goes from colourless to red or orange on contact with the air, the so-called «blood sweat», made up of two pigments, hipposudoric and norhipposudoric acid, which work at once as a sunscreen and as a natural antibiotic on a skin with no hair to protect it.
Record
Donna, a female at Mesker Park Zoo in Evansville (Indiana, USA), lived sixty-one years, from 1955 to 2012: the highest longevity record known for the species.

Conservation status

Global (IUCN)
Vulnerable
Where it lives
In Liwonde the population is considered stable and recovering since African Parks took on co-management of the park in 2015, reversing previous years of heavy poaching. Outside the park boundaries the picture is the opposite and friction with the communities along the bank persists, so that two adjoining stretches of the same river can be heading in opposite directions.
Population
Between 115,000 and 130,000 mature individuals globally, according to the latest aggregated IUCN assessment, with a declining trend. In Malawi, the stretch of the river Shire inside Liwonde National Park holds more than two thousand individuals, one of the highest hippopotamus densities on the continent.

Main threats

  1. Loss and fragmentation of river habitat through damming, water extraction and the advance of farming onto the banks.
  2. Poaching for the meat and for the ivory canines, used as an illegal substitute for elephant ivory.
  3. Friction with the riverside communities · incidents with fishermen and with anyone going into the water, and retaliatory killings after damage to crops.
  4. Prolonged droughts linked to climate change, which have caused mass die-offs in populations elsewhere in East Africa in recent years.
There is no global recovery plan with population targets, but there are local cases that work and that can be pointed to. The Shire at Liwonde is one of them: effective co-management of the park since 2015, direct patrolling on the water and work with the communities along the bank to reduce friction. Outside the park, what is missing is exactly that, and there the line keeps going down.

Did you know…?

01
They Know Each Other by Voice Before Face

The hippopotamus's loudest call, the wheeze honk, travels through the air and under the water at the same time, so that a single cry reaches those outside and those submerged alike. A study published in Current Biology in 2022, carried out in the Maputo Special Reserve, in Mozambique, showed that they tell the voice of neighbours in their own group from that of an adjoining group and from that of a complete stranger, and that they respond differently to each one.

02
It Makes Its Own Sunscreen

The hippopotamus's skin secretes a fluid that starts out colourless and turns red or orange on contact with the air. They are hipposudoric and norhipposudoric acid, two pigments identified in 2004 that block ultraviolet radiation and act as a natural antibiotic on a skin that has no protective hair. Hence the popular name «blood sweat».

03
It Doesn't Float · It Walks Along the River Bed

Despite spending the day in the water, the hippopotamus is too dense to float. It does not swim: it walks or moves in bounds along the bed, pushing off with its legs, in runs that have been measured at around 8 km/h below the surface. Eyes, ears and nostrils are lined up on top of the skull, like a periscope, and the nostrils and ears close when it submerges.

04
In the River by Day, Out Grazing by Night

It spends the daylight hours submerged or half-submerged to regulate its temperature, and comes out to graze alone as soon as night falls. It covers up to ten kilometres inland along paths it repeats night after night and that end up marked on the landscape as proper open tracks.

05
Territorial in the Water, Easy on Land

In the water the dominant males defend a stretch of river or of bank against other males, and the groups, of between ten and fifteen individuals, keep a strict hierarchy. That territoriality disappears the moment they come out: at night, individuals from different groups graze side by side without conflict.

06
Mvuu, the Name That Names the River

In Chichewa, the language spoken in Malawi, the hippopotamus is called mvuu, and the name is so embedded in the culture of the river Shire that one of the best-known camps in Liwonde National Park is called Mvuu Camp. That stretch of the Shire inside the park holds more than two thousand individuals on the count, one of the highest densities in Africa.

Frequently asked questions

Where does the hippopotamus live?
In rivers, lakes and freshwater marshes across sub-Saharan Africa, always where there is enough depth to submerge completely and grazing close to the bank. In Malawi its main strongholds are the river Shire where it runs through Liwonde National Park, with more than two thousand individuals counted, and the shallow shores of Lake Malawi.
Why is the hippopotamus said to sweat blood?
Because its skin secretes a fluid that comes out colourless and turns red or orange on contact with the air. It is not blood and it is not sweat. They are two pigments, hipposudoric and norhipposudoric acid, identified in 2004, that block ultraviolet radiation and act as a natural antibiotic on a skin with no hair.
Does the hippopotamus swim?
No. It is too dense to float: it walks along the river bed or moves in bounds, pushing off with its legs, in runs measured at around 8 km/h below the surface. Its eyes, ears and nostrils are lined up on top of the skull, and the nostrils and ears close when it submerges.
What does the hippopotamus eat?
Grass, and only on land. It is a strictly terrestrial herbivore despite living in the water. It comes out at nightfall and grazes 35 to 40 kg of grass with lips up to 50 cm across that tear it off at ground level, covering up to ten kilometres inland. It eats no aquatic plants and no fish.
Is it true that they recognise each other by voice?
Yes. Its loudest call travels through the air and under the water at the same time, and a study published in Current Biology in 2022, carried out in the Maputo Special Reserve, in Mozambique, showed that they tell the voice of neighbours in their own group from that of an adjoining group and from that of a stranger, and that they react differently to each one.
Is it in danger of extinction?
It is classified as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List, with a declining trend and an estimate of between 115,000 and 130,000 mature individuals. The picture changes a great deal from one place to another: on the Shire, inside Liwonde National Park, the population is considered stable and recovering since African Parks took on co-management in 2015, whereas outside the park boundaries the pressure carries on as before.
§ 08 · Conservation three programs · verified
Hippopotamus

Help protect this species.

Every purchase helps, but a direct donation does more. Three NGOs with specific programs verified for this species.

No. 01 / 03

WESM.

Wildlife and Environmental Society of Malawi

A Malawian organisation with more than seventy-five years of history, a decentralised structure of nine branches and a network of school clubs, devoted to conserving the country's biodiversity and wetlands, including the Shire basin where Limbani lives.

Donate to WESM
No. 02 / 03

LWT.

Lilongwe Wildlife Trust

An organisation based in Malawi focused on wildlife rescue, on the legal prosecution of crimes against protected species, with a 95 % conviction rate, and on conserving healthy habitat throughout the country.

Donate to LWT
No. 03 / 03

African Parks.

African Parks Network

It has managed Liwonde National Park alongside Malawi's Department of National Parks and Wildlife since 2015, including direct monitoring of the hippopotamus population of the river Shire and the work to reduce friction with the riverside communities. It is the organisation operating on the exact stretch where Limbani lives.

Donate to African Parks
Animal Kinhood · 34 characters

Thirty-four names. Thirty-four stories. Thirty-four personalities. One same project.

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